How does the author successfully engage the interest

How does the author successfully engage the interest of the reader in the relationship between Cooke and veronica and her way of life? By Maya_hunched How does the author successfully engage the interest of the reader in the relationship between Cooke and veronica and her way of life? The writer starts of by setting the background of the story † we had grown up together† this gibes us an idea of their relationship and how close they were as children.Veronica grew up to a poor family and so did Cooke but veronica's family as even poorer â€Å"her family had been even poorer than mine† this gives the reader an impression of how poor they were and saying veronica was even poorer shows how harsh the conditions were. Veronica grew up to an abusive father, Cooke describes he as â€Å"brute† meaning he was evil. This shows us Just how bad her father was.Cooke was every caring and compassionate towards Veronica † I helped her fetch water from the stream and oc casionally chopped firewood† Cooke was like veronica's only fatherly figure as her dad was never around to treat her like a daughter, the only wing keeping him from protecting her was his fear of her father â€Å"night after night I would lie awake listening to her screams, cursing myself for my own physical inadequacy' this shows he was unable to help.Veronica was very loyal to everyone in her life not Just her family, when Cooke left to go to school they were still friends Neuronal and I remained friends† she was always happy and Ignored the fact her life was not a good one â€Å"she was always pleased to see me† Veronica never got the opportunity to go to school and was curious about It UT was never Jealous of Cooke â€Å"she asked me endless questions about school and the town and what I was going to be when I grew up† she was happy for Cooke and his successes. She never seemed to new me mine† this shows she was content with her life even though she had nothing to be happy about, she didn't have loving parents to take care of her or and education nor did she have and money. Veronica and Cooke always met by the river â€Å"the day before I left we met by the stream† The river is very symbolic, the river indicates life moving on.Veronica had ere limited opportunities and Cooke new that â€Å"not that she was likely to meet any as long as she remained where she was† She wasn't educated meaning she will not meet a man Cooke was concerned about her â€Å"you can go to school and become a secretary' Veronica had no one that would ever give her advice Cooke was the only person who treated her Like she should have been. L snapped a twig and threw It very symbolic, it is met to be showing Cooke and veronica as the stick and the river as life moving on. When Cooke snaps the stick it means they were on and now he is boning on in life when she is staying where she was and is never going to get anywhere where as Cooke is allowing the river to take him places. Cooke moved on but veronica was still a part of him â€Å"l never forgot veronica† how could he forget her?After all veronica had grown up with him and been a part of his childhood. Cooke eventually returned to the village for work â€Å"on the day I left I had to force her to accept a present of some money. It was as much as I could afford, but not as much as I would have liked to have been able to give her† Cooke offers her charity, he has o force her to take it this shows veronica did not was sympathy. When he returned again we went to see veronica â€Å"it was dark inside† this indicate death or her final moments.It was very difficult for Cooke to see veronica like that â€Å"l reached for her hand and held it† he was very uneasy â€Å"I'll get you out of here, don't worry' he wanted veronica to live where as she wanted the opposite â€Å"there is nothing left for me in this world† she has lost a lot in h er life and didn't want to live anymore. When veronica died Cooke was devastated â€Å"l gathered her up in my arms† this makes us feel humanity â€Å"l cried that night for the terrible waste† shows tragedy.There is a change in speech threw out the story between the away Cooke speaks and veronica speaks † morbidly suspicious † Cooke is very complex with the way he speaks, shows he was educated. â€Å"l can't Just leave my family' Veronica uses very simple language, this shows she was not educated symbolic language â€Å"l snapped a twig and threw it in the water† this shows he was moving on and she was staying where she was. Negative diction was used † she was dead before I reached my car† By: Maya Hunched

Struggle Session

A struggle session was a form of public humiliation used by the Communist Party of Mao. When the struggle session began, the Red Guard used Labor camps, public humiliation, destruction of buildings or objects and corporal punishment to criticize the peoples who opposed to praise the great of Chairman Mao and rejected to publicize Maoism. And their targets were intellectuals, landowners and artists. For example, Ye qianyu was famous in Traditional Chinese painting. During the war, he led a group of artists to participate in the anti-Japanese propaganda of the Allied. So he was labeled â€Å"U. S. mperialism spies† by Red Guard. He is not only to accept the corporal punishment, but also to participate in the labor camp. Therefore, there were two different tendencies of artist when the struggle session began, Political fanaticism class and Creative  Underground  Class. For the Political fanaticism class, they responded to the call of Chairman Mao, followed by the Central Cult ural Revolution combat deployment and the creation of works of art. Most of their works contained the elements about praise of the great achievements of the Cultural Revolution and Demonize â€Å"enemy† which means Capitalist roaders. Follow Chairman Mao and advance in the great storms and wave†, printed by Shen Yao Iraq. It was one of the most famous works in Cultural Revolution. It means the people in the revolution was irresistible and didn’t afraid of anything if they followed Chairman Mao. For the Creative  Underground  Class, most of the works was not related to the expression of the political intentions of the Cultural Revolution. The artist usually used landscapes  to  express their emotion. Huang Qiutuan and Shi Lu was the representative of this painter.

Management (a manager alumni affair in a non-profit organization iEARN Essay

Management (a manager alumni affair in a non-profit organization iEARN Australia) - Essay Example John has to coordinate with people in order to make an event success. As a leader of the program he has to take initiatives and then lead the program as people look towards him for any further instructions. As a representative for alumni members in an organization he can't practice autocratic, paternalistic style where as laissez fair or democratic styles are widely adopted by the alumni coordinators and managers. Mr. John beliefs that he is more tilted towards democratic approach. Unlike other managers and directors in profit making organizations, Mr. John doesn't face any competitions as there are non, but the difficult part is to keep the alumni members motivated and intact with out having them on pay role or any such thing and at the same time involving them in alumni programs. There are many responsibilities of a manager of alumni affairs as he also has to motivate alumni members through programs that are beneficial for alumni as well, such programs include, career counseling, social gatherings or trips etc. As a manager alumni fair he posses excellent interpersonal skills as he has to coordinate with alumni members and the other organizations and is also responsible for sharing information with alumni members. ... As a manager one should posses all four basic managerial skills, technical, conceptual, motivation to engage and human skills. But for Mr. John it is essential to have very good human skills and then motivation to engage and then conceptual skills. Technical skills are not required by his post. As the work is mostly dealing with members and organizations, he has to show excellent human skills. Mr. John beliefs that if he fails to pose these skills, then this might lead to miss management in the alumni and also will raise conflicts between members as all members are not alike. As the work in the organization is project based but the product base and is a non profit organization, external environment plays little destructive role, but still projects are some time effected by the disorder in stability of external environment, such stability factors can me many but the most important is the political and economical. There are also many complexities in the environment as well and as a Alumni manager Mr. Jon's job is to work with in these complexities of the environment. A part from the external environment Mr.John has to monitor the general environment as the economic conditions such as recessions might lower the alumni budget and thus less programs. Political conditions are some time not feasible for initiating any project thus he has to consider that as well, other wise that might cause legal problems as well. In an alumni program technological environment does not have much impact, but socio cultural environment does have a big impact. If alumni fail to confirm with the norms of culture then organization might come under criticisms and thus will cause damage to the image of the organization. So as alumni manager he has to monitor all sort

Globalization and Its Effect on the World Essay

Globalization and Its Effect on the World - Essay Example It shows that the East Asia Pacific has grown from a GDP of 15.8 in 1980 to 36.3 in the year of 1997. This has also been seen in the region of Europe and Latin America. The lowered accessibility of finance in the 1980s resulted in suppressed growth which led to many problems. It was after this that the new funds designated to states included the aspect of foreign direct investment. This type of investment is encouraged in the developing countries because they can help in increasing the capital of a state through which the state can further develop economically. Globalization is an aspect which not only helps the countries directly but also helps the countries to improve indirectly. It helps in the improvisation of the living and working standards of a country. Foreign Direct Investment is a type of process through which globalization has given a direct advantage to the countries whereas an indirect advantage can be witnessed in the accessibility of these types of investments to diffe rent states. The concept of globalization has increased the interest of developed organizations to expand their business in countries where it was previously unknown. As the organizations are expanding it can be seen that their products are widely distributed all over the world. Moreover the distribution channel of the new product helps the countries to increase their understanding about the technological advancements of the world. Foreign investors not only help the country economically but they also help to introduce technologies which were previously not known in the country. The country can benefit from these technologies by using them in an effective manner such that their... Globalization and Its Effect on the World This essay analyses the factor of globalization, its impact on different aspects of the world and considers the question of the globalization real existence. Though it is still seen that some of the concepts relating to globalization have remained unexplored, a debate is going on between the proponents and opponents of globalization. Globalization has been defined by Goldstein as â€Å"the worldwide spread of industrial production and new technologies that are promoted by the unrestricted mobility of capital and unfettered freedom of trade†. This clearly shows that globalization affects the issue of investment and economy in this world. Furthermore, James Rosenau described the globalization as â€Å"a label that is presently in vogue to account for peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies that are decreasingly confined to a particular geographic space and its local and established practices". Globalization not only affects the microenvironment but also affects the macro environment from an economic perspective. Microenvironment here refers to the advancement in technology along with its effect on the organizations and macro environment is the whole situation in which the markets are operating. Therefore, the question here arises as to if globalization only has a significant effect on the economics. Studies have been carried out to find out the relationship of globalization and labor market trends and it has been analyzed that both of these have a relationship.

Nuclear Medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Nuclear Medicine - Research Paper Example r radionuclide, which is in a bond with a supplementary molecules (such as, peptide, protein, or drug) or particles, that cumulates in the required tissue or organ after introducing it in the patient’s body through inhalation, swallowing, or injection (National Research Council, 2007). Depending on the characteristics, different radiopharmaceuticals are used for different diagnosis and treatment processes. Radiopharmaceuticals generally discharge beta or alpha radiation. As beta and alpha radiations are more effective than the gamma radiation that is used in diagnosis process, they are widely exploited in the most nuclear medicine procedures (National Research Council, 2007). The preparation of patients for nuclear medicine processes varies according to the type of examination or test. However, there are certain standard guidelines which are required to follow while preparing the patient to ensure the accuracy of tests. There is no need of special preparations for the scans associated with the inflammatory, bones, pulmonary, brain, lymphatic and renal systems (Patient Care, 2014). However, specific drug allergies are required to be noted by means of Diamox for brain scanning. For the scans associated with the gastrointestinal system, patients are required to fast for at least 4-5 hours (Patient Care, 2014). Some such scanning tests need pre-medicating as a part of a preparation. Further, cardiac tests consist of fasting of at least 4-5 hours prior to the test and persantine stress test need no consumption of caffeine for at least 24-30 hours before the test (Patient Care, 2014). Thyroid scanning needs pause on the consumption of specific medications befo re the scanning. Also, patients are required to inform their physician about the own medical history and present medications before going through the nuclear medicine procedures (Patient Care, 2014). Nuclear medicine is a painless, affordable, and safe mode of collecting medical data that would be otherwise

Homework Assignment for Finance Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homework for Finance - Assignment Example Sooner than later, they will be expecting their first born and as such, they need to start accumulating sufficient amount in savings that can handle emergency situations. It is also apparent that the family car was acquired through a loan. They should therefore pay the debts within the first five years. Having formed a family, Sam and Judy would be expecting children and as such, they should commence saving for their children education. More so, as a young couple, the two should immediately join a retirement plan that could secure their future after retirement. Moreover, they should engage in various forms of investments to enhance their cash flow patterns while at the same time managing taxes properly to avoid hefty fines and penalties in future which could adversely affect them. Asset financing: This form of credit involves financing by a financial institution whereby both the asset is jointly owned by the bank and the purchaser. The purchaser will be required to make initial payments as agreed with the bank after which monthly installments are made based on the agreed terms. The rights to the property are transferred upon completion of installment payment. Hire purchase: Similar to asset financing, the couple will be expected to make a down payment and subsequently pay the remaining balance in agreed installments after which the asset is transferred to the purchaser. Official clothes: The couple should prioritize in buying official clothes for use while going to work. This is because most workplace has a code of dressing which every employee must comply with. Borrowing from friends is the most appropriate form of credit for financing purchase of official clothes since the clothes are not too expensive and secondly this form of financing is interest free. Camera and Television: These are leisure items which the couple can arrange to acquire later through hire-purchase. This form of credit is

Dynamic Macroeconomics. Discretionary monetary policy and Essay

Dynamic Macroeconomics. Discretionary monetary policy and inflation-targeting regime - Essay Example Due to that the policy has evolved toward an inflation targeting regime. This monetary policy was utilized for the first time within the year 1990 by New Zealand (Hammond, 2011, pp45-97). Since that period numerous countries developed and emerging have adopted this current regime as a result of the problems with the strategies based on the monetary aggregates or exchange rate targets. The major characteristics of the current monetary regime mainly focus on the attainment of inflation targets (Roger, 2010, pp46-49). Inflation targeting is normally monetary policy strategy mainly encompasses five major elements namely the underlying public proclamation of medium term numerical targets for inflation, an institutional commitment to price stability as the primary objective of monetary policy which other supplementary objectives are subordinated, an information inclusive strategy that numerous variables and not only monetary aggregates or the corresponding exchange rate are utilized for decisive the prevailing setting of policy instruments, escalated transparency of the monetary policy strategy via communiquà © with the public and the markets concerning the plans, aims and decisions pertaining to the monetary authorities and escalated answerability of the central bank for obtaining its inflation goals (Fischer, 1993, pp485-512). ... ant in emerging market states since numerous countries routinely reported numerical inflation targets as a part of the government’s economic plan (Hammond, 2011, pp45-97) . The benefits that are normally associated with characteristics of the current monetary regime and target regime strategy are greater transparency and better comprehension of monetary policy execution, advancement of accounts by the underlying monetary authority, education of inflation and inflation volatility that consolidates the price stability (Hammond, 2011, pp45-97) . The countries also benefits decreased impact on the inflation from the shocks produced by other economic variables, anchoring of inflation expectations around the inflation target and lowering of the costs related within the disinflation process. Inflation targeting demands that a decision to be made on the underlying price stability (Roger, 2010, pp46-49). Discuss whether discretion is a better way to run monetary policy than following a rule because a policy of discretion gives the central bank the ability to react to news about the economy. Discretion is a better way to run monetary policy than following the underlying rule since a policy of discretion grants the central bank the capability to react to news concerning the economy. Monetary policy ought to be made through rule. Nevertheless, discretionary monetary policy leads to two problems that is it does not limit the underlying incompetence and abuse of power. For instance, central banker might select to develop governmental business succession to assist a candidate. It also leads to a bigger quantity of inflation than the corresponding desirable results. Policymakers frequently range on the underlying action that they promise. In case individuals do not believe that the

An Overview of the Auditing Process, The Risk-Based Audit Approach Essay

An Overview of the Auditing Process, The Risk-Based Audit Approach with in an AIS (Accounting Information System) - Essay Example This paper not only outlines the basis for risk based approach to auditing but also its implications for carrying out audit work in the context of accounting information systems is discussed here below. Businesses typically identify the risks which are facing their operations and auditors can base their evidence collection and validation of information process on the assessment of risks by businesses. Internal audit function of a business needs to ascertain the overall audit risk which refers to the likelihood of financial statements being misstated. The audit risk is a combination of three types of risks which are namely inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk implies the threat of material error or omission pertaining to an account or a class of transactions. Control risk covers the inability of the internal controls to detect and prevent material errors. Detection risk is the failure of audit procedures to unveil any material error, misstatement or even fraud in reporting. Both inherent and control risks determine the extent of detection risk. It is suggested that the higher the control risk is the lower is detection risk set by the auditors which may requi re greater substantive testing by them (Romney & Steinbart, 2005). The risk based approach allows assessing the weaknesses in the accounting information systems and controls over such systems for determining the nature, extent, scope and timing of audit procedures. This allows auditors to assess the threats and opportunities in order to deliver better opinion on the information processed by their clients. The audit procedures not only restrict to the information manually prepared by different businesses but also extend to the accounting informational systems which are maintained by companies for data recording and reporting (Romney & Steinbart, 2005). The

Term paper for 1500 words Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

For 1500 words - Term Paper Example The National Broadband Network (NBN) represents the future generation of infrastructure and mode of communication. In the 21st century, the world is advancing at a rapid pace and Australia is also taking part in these technological advancements. According to the Prime Minister of the country, a slow internet connection is one major hindrance in the path of growth. Economic activities are highly dependent on the flow of information. Different communication channels lead to the identification of investment opportunities. Hence, a speedy connection of broadband would boost up economic activities and enlighten the future of the economy. Therefore, the Government of Australia has taken the initiative to connect every individual via the broadband network. It is imperative to ensure that all citizens gain access to the NBN. The project has been started in the year 2010 and is due for completion by the year 2015 (NBNCO, 2013). ‘Fiber to the node’ network A fiber optic network is a network of multiple nodes. By implementing fiber optic, the system designer can create a passive medium of network consisting of several nodes. The presence of multiple nodes makes the distribution network system safe and reliable (Cobo, 2012). By using a single mode of operation, the speed of information transfer might be increased up to 1 gigabit per second. The error rate of high speed optical networks has been found to be quite less and acceptable (Cobo, 2012). When a good broadband infrastructure is combined with highly advanced information technologies, it becomes capable of affecting productivity of firms operating in the economy and boosting economic growth. Common households across the country would be able to connect with one another, which fosters national integration. Highly effective broadband infrastructure creates additional ways in which the economic growth of the country might be augmented. Advanced information technologies can change as well as improve the metho d of processing information that results in higher involvement of IT firms, which implies the creation of new employment opportunities. Fiber to the node network allows the companies to implement processes, such as e-procurement, customer services, e-billing as well as make recruitment online using the internet network connection. The IT division of the firms, thus, makes a noteworthy contribution in the (long-term as well as short-term) performance of the firm, through its interactions with the other functionaries of the firm (Zyskind and Srivastava, 2011). Characteristics of NBN Broadband internet connection enables exchange of information and data across the different agents in the economy located in multiple locations. Through implementation of a high speed internet broadband network, companies would be able to manage their functions and operations in a decentralized manner of information processing. In the Australian economic system economic agents use available information as input for generating new output. The NBN in Australia would facilitate this process of information management. In this process, the nationwide network of internet would allow the firms as well as individual users to weigh and evaluate information before taking actions on the basis of that information. It leads to multiplication of data that benefits all actors in the economy. The NBN is a cost

Critically assess the US foreign policy-making process. What are its Essay

Critically assess the US foreign policy-making process. What are its main strengths and weaknesses - Essay Example The United States sets interaction among its organizations, corporations and individual citizens and into other nations through the implementation of its foreign policy. The United States does not live by its own economy alone but its level of achievement in the world depends on its interaction with its surrounding environment. It is known that the United States performs its functions not just for its people but to its surrounding nations and all other countries in which it has tied up interaction with. For instance, its healthy interaction with China is another important part that it needs to take into account. China is said to be an emerging economy in Asia and it is becoming extraordinary when it comes to its capacity to influence the world economy. With this, the United States has to essentially perform the best possible option in order to maintain its healthy interaction with Chinese government. On the other hand, the United States’ interaction with oil producing countrie s is another important strategy in which its economy will be able to survive in times of financial challenges. Thus, it is important to consider healthy foreign policy that will protect its national interests in times when there is a need so. ... The international distribution of power according to realists is one of the reasons why the United States adopts foreign policy, but another approach is giving more emphasis on the political institutions of a country in the domestic setting (Trubowitz, 2004). As can be observed, power is the bottom line which is one of those that influence the United States foreign policy making. There are different motivated individuals and groups competing against each other in order to achieve flow of power and symbolism in the government and society. And this eventually affects the entire foreign policy making process of the United States (Rosati and Scott, 2010). Competition at some point is healthy. Then one of the strengths in the United States’ foreign policy-making process is the ability to come up with the best procedure because it is necessary to substantiate all the needed concerns for the purpose of ensuring national interests. However, because of this competition there is also a need to properly define the best intention of stakeholders and other competing organizations in as thorough as possible. This is a disadvantage point because the unlikely intention may have greater chance to prevail in the process and will eventually affect the entire foreign policy-making process. As a result, the output may not entirely be for the national interest alone but for the benefits of the few. This creates a considerable issue because of the inclusion of power and generally politics. For instance, private groups have the capacity to check the state’s initiatives and this is due to the weakness of the US political system at some point (Krasner, 1977). Secure global system is one of the primary expectations in instituting foreign policy (Hill, 2002). This is highly

Gucci, Louis Vuitton And Vertu Essay Example for Free

Gucci, Louis Vuitton And Vertu Essay Creating luxury brands is a difficult marketing exercise. It requires heavy investment in marketing communications, excellent product/service quality, but above all these brands have to try to remain fashionable, which is notoriously difficult. Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu are three successful so-called luxury brands, that retail to the high-end market. Both Gucci and Louis Vuitton are well-established brands that have been around for decades, even centuries. However Vertu, is a relatively new kid on the block, having only entered the luxury communications marketplace in 2000. Vertu sells expensive mobile phones that retail for thousands of pounds. Only a handful of brands can create a high status appeal among the world’s super rich (e.g. Ferrari, Rolex, etc.). These brands have to adopt innovative marketing strategies in order to succeed in this dynamic environment. What do they do differently to create this luxury appeal? Marketers are moving from the traditional marketing mix approach towards greater use of experiential marketing. This is where customers are treated as both rational and emotional individuals that seek ‘experiences’ from products. The key is to engage customers in a memorable experience around the product/service, developing a relationship with customers and creating an affinity with them. The central aim of experiential marketing is to create an emotional attachment between the brand and the customer. Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu provide this experience through their unique product image and features, their outstanding service, their exclusive retail environment, their pricing, their selective channels of distribution, their distincive packaging and the overall benefits associated with their unique brand images. To promote a product to the high-market it is important that the customers have the right experience so that the desired feelings, images and perspectives beco me linked with the product/service and their marketing programme. It is necessary for the brand to convey a personality that the customer can relate to, or wish to aspire to and then communicate this to others.  Consumers of these brands feel that they too are fashion and design conscious, that they too are wealthy, and that they are part of the â€Å"in-crowd†. In many cases, luxury brands are tapping into the â€Å"aspirational† buyer market; luxury brands are offering products at different price points in the hope that sometime during the customers’ lifetime they will trade up to their more exclusive ranges. However, the risk of ‘democratising’ the brand is that they may lose their aura of exclusivity – as it can be obtained by anyone. Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu rely on the imagery of their products to appeal to the high-end market. The prestigious pricing of their products creates a high quality image and positions the goods in the mind of the consumer as a status symbol. The success of Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu can be attributed to quality of service, brand image, retail environment, management structure and above all their ability to combine these factors to create an exclusive experience. We will now take a closer look at how these companies became what they are today, while focusing on unique product features and image, their brand imagery, retail environments and channels of distribution. Gucci Gucci has experienced many changes since it opened its first luggage company in Florence in 1921. At first, it mainly sold only luxury leather goods. Within a few years the store became popular among international and affluent clientele. By the 1950’s Gucci’s global presence was established with its first store in the US in New York. By the 1970’s stores were opened in London, Paris, Palm Beach, Hong Kong and Tokyo. It has become a truly global luxury brand. Today, Gucci has over 415 stores worldwide and in 2008 alone, reported sales of  £3.4 billion (an increase of 5.5% on the previous year). Gucci was also ranked number 41 in the Interbrand ‘Best Global Brand’Survey 2009. The high fashion industry is notoriously competitive with rivals such as Hermes, Dior, Chanel, and Prada, all vying for a slice of the action. This increased competition has resulted in the Gucci group becoming a multi-brand company, which consists of several well known brands, such as Alexander McQueen, Stella McCartney and Yves Saint Laurent. While the Gucci brand represents the core business of the Gucci Group (accounting for 65% of total revenue), the Gucci Empire now consists of eleven leading brands and the channel of distribution differs for each. For example, Yves Saint Laurent uses not only directly operated stores but also points of sale in leading  department stores mainly based in Europe to reach a wider range of customers. A major influence on the success of Gucci in the 90’s can be attributed to the appointment of leading designer Tom Ford. He joined Gucci in 1990 as the company’s Womenswear Designer and became Creative Director of Gucci. With Tom Ford’s vision, Gucci’s image was reinvented. He was responsible for product lines, store image and store design. In March 1995, Tom Ford’s first collection caught the attention of the press by utilising sex and glamour. Within a year of Tom Ford’s launch of his new collection, Gucci’s profits rose by 90% and the company is now worth nearly $500 million. However, Ford vacated his position in the Gucci Group in 2004 due to issues of control in the renewal of contracts, issues which could not be resolved between the two parties. 32-year-old Frida Giannini, who originally joined Gucci in 2002 as Handbag Design Director now serves as Creative Director for the entire Gucci brand and to date she served the company well, transforming Gucci classics into modern, successful designs. In addition to the role she plays in the creation of new Gucci products, Giannini immerses herself in other aspects of the business; she has taken an active role in developing new design concepts for Gucci stores, as well as taking responsibility for the creative direction of all advertising campaigns. She has also been responsible for the brand’s increased use of celebrities to promote the brand, including Drew Barrymore and Clare Danes for their jewellery campaigns and singers Rihanna and Madonna for their Unicef initiatives. So what is the key to Gucci’s success? The essence of Gucci is its exclusivity. The brand portrays a sexy and vibrant image, which is communicated through their designs, fashion shows and advertising. The importance of the Gucci brand’s positioning is that it is distinctive and has an aura of exclusivity amongst its target audience. The image and aura of prestige surrounding Gucci gives added value to their products. This is created through advertising, innovative designers and the whole experience of buying Gucci. Gucci uses controversial advertising such  as the promotion of their perfume ‘Opium’ with a naked image of Sophie Dahl. This caused uproar in Britain and was banned by the advertising standards, as it accounted for a third of all complaints about poster adverts. However this campaign managed to win advertising awards throughout Europe. Gucci’s advertisement in Vogue also created controversy with an image of a woman with the letter ‘G’ imprinted in her pubic hair. These illustrations helped gain media coverage for the campaigns and boosted brand awareness. Typically, the Gucci brand tries to appeal to women in their 20’s or 30’s with high quality, fashionable products, and those who aspire to be part of the jet set lifestyle. This image attracts people who feel they can relate to this profile or who wish to aspire to this image. Gucci achieves this in many ways; stores are located on expensive high street locations, thus attracting affluent consumers. The window displays are provocative and the interior has a free flow layout as its visually appealing and allows consumers to browse comfortably. The dà ©cor is rich and classic to add to the atmosphere of the store. The salespeople are model-like, smartly dressed all in black and ready to assist consumers in any way. Even the security guard is suitably dressed to add to the image. The distinctive Gucci packaging concludes the experience. Gucci has directly operated stores to ensure that they retain control over their products and can build their image around these stores. About 70% of sales are done in Gucci stores alone. It is also possible to view and purchase Gucci products online, thus reaching a far greater target audience. Louis Vuitton The famous brand started out back in the 1850’s. The founder was made famous for crafting luggage for Napoleon. From theses roots the brand has become synonymous with luggage and in particular handbags. Louis Vuitton is very much the envy of the industry, recording an operating margin of 45%, whilst the industry average is only 25% for luxury accessories. The company is famous for its handbags, but also sells a range of wallets, briefcases, eyeglass cases etc. The brand is estimate to be worth approximately $19 billion. Louis Vuitton stand out from their peers through their relentless focus on product quality. All products are extensively tested to make sure that they can withstand wear and tear, and that there are no imperfections. The company has blended mechanisation and handmade craftsmanship into their products, boosting their productivity, maintaining that high level of product quality, whilst still holding onto the allure of handmade quality. All Louis Vuitton products contain the eponymous LV initials and many of the products use the brown Damier and Monogram Canvas materials, which were first used by the company in the 80’s. The company markets its products through its own stores, which allows it to control quality and pricing. In maintaining the prestige image of the Louis Vuitton brand, the company operates a pricing integrity strategy amongst its entire distribution network; a Louis Vuitton bag is never reduced in price and there are no sale periods. The company offers customised products such as personal engraving on hand luggage pieces, boosting its appeal further. Furthermore, the company sponsors elite sporting events such as yachting and motorsport events. This is in effort to match the audience of sponsorship property with the target audience of the brand itself. Like other premium brands, such as Gucci, Louis Vuitton has also turned to the use of celebrity’s to market the brand, with the likes of Madonna, Jennifer Lopez and Gisele Bundchen featuring in advertising campaigns. Over recent years, the brand has tried to modernise its image by utilising the talents of young designers and artists to rejuvenate the image of some of their products, whilst maintaining the classic designs. An example of this was the use of designer Marc Jacobs who created a limited edition handbag range with featured graffiti over the monogram pattern in 2001. Other limited editions patterns created by designers for the brand include the Monogram Multicolore range and the Cherry Blossom Range, which were only made available to VIP customers, further enhancing the exclusivity of the brand. Hermes, a key rival of Louis Vuitton, create even greater exclusivity by having a three-year waiting list before one of their bags can be obtained. These bags are handcrafted, adding to their appeal even further. The reinvention and rejuvenation of Louis Vuitton in more recent years has assisted the brand in attracting a younger target audience, thereby increasing customer base. However no one designer has eclipsed the powerful brand image of Louis Vuitton itself, unlike other design brands. Vertu Vertu is a unique luxury brand specialising in top of the range, deluxe mobile phones. Established in 2000, the Vertu brand was a big gamble for Nokia, its parent company, to take. Nokia, previously the world’s most successful mobile phone manufacturer, developed this new brand as a way of creating an exclusive luxury brand in mobile telephony. However, Nokia does not publicise the linkage between Nokia and Vertu and therefore does not gain from any brand linkages or associations. In essence, their products are jewellery-like mobile telephones. Vertu headquarters are located in the United Kingdom with several offices situated worldwide including: Paris, New York, Hong Kong and Singapore. As a new entrant to  the market, Vertu’s main focus was on creating product awareness among the elite and to create a brand that is exclusive and luxurious. Vertu utilises craftsmanship, precision engineering, high-end technology and a unique personal service dimension to create a dis tinctive luxury brand. Vertu’s concept is to make mobile phones in the same vein as prestigious watch brands such as Rolex and Patek Philippe. Mobile phones typically retail for around  £100  £400 pounds, however Vertu is aimed at the top end of the market, those who can afford to spend thousands on a mobile phone. For example, the most expensive model ever made by the brand is the Signature Cobra, which retailed at a massive â‚ ¬217,000! The most expensive ‘regular’ model made by Vertu is the Signature Diamond, at a more affordable â‚ ¬62,000. These phones are typically made using precious metals like gold, silver or platinum along with fine Italian leather for better grip and have jewelled bearings. When people buy a Vertu they are buying a badge of exclusivity, luxury and uniqueness. It was believed that if watches, pens or even wallets can be transformed into luxury brands, then why not a mobile phone. With mobile phone penetration constantly on the increase and having surpassed 100% in Europe alone, phone manufacturers need new strategies to get people to buy newer phones. Newer technology was a prime motivator in consumers buying a new phone. Vertu have taken a different approach; they want their phones to be status symbols. For a technology product, this is a first, as products lose their value very quickly, with constant technological advances offering new and improved product features. Rather than launch their new product range at technology shows, which is the industry norm, Vertu instead prefers to become associated with fashion shows, launching for example their new range during Paris fashion week. Thus this brand is aiming to create a fashion brand rather than a technology brand, in an attempt to woo people through its fashion status. A big selling point associated with these phones is the Vertu Concierge Service. Vertu Concierge provides specialised travel assistance, allowing users to access and reserve restaurants, hotels, concert tickets and much  more. Having a Vertu mobile phone allows users to access this exclusive concierge service, 24 hours a day from anywhere in the world, where they will try to assist the every whim of the user. This service is free for the first year, but you have to pay a subsequent subscription of  £500 per annum to use the service. Vertu also offers a customisation service thus truly differentiating itself and allowing the firm to earn even higher margins. Also the company offers free upgradability when new technology emerges. The company has established flagship stores in exclusive shopping districts, so that it was close to other exclusive brands, thus benefiting from a halo effect. Vertu has developed a unique buying experience by creating a â€Å"gallery-like† feel to its retail environments. In order to create this new level of luxury to mobile communication retailing, Vertu focused an enormous amount of attention onto store layout. Each display case is made from architectural glass, limestone textures and floors combined with warm lighting, ultimately enhancing the ambience of the store. Minimalist design was used in order to create the illusion of space. In keeping with the element of exclusivity, original artworks were commissioned and exhibited throughout the stores. Selections of short films are also projected in-store. By offering a first class personal service combined with extensive product knowledge, Vertu has enhanced their image of reliability and expertise. Vertu announced the opening of its flagship stores in Paris and Singapore in October 2002. It has since opened new channels of distribution, with over 600 retail outlets worldwide and 400 employees and it intends to continue to build on this. Along with their stores in Paris and Singapore, Vertu has Client Suites in London, New York, Hong Kong and Singapore and also has points of sale located in some of the world’s leading department stores and fine jewellers. The company were extremely selective when choosing suitable retail channels. They sought department stores that catered for an international client base, and who target very affluent shoppers. Stores must have a global reputation of offering quality and luxury across all product ranges and whose philosophy of high product knowledge and excellent personal service are consistent with that of Vertu’s. For example, Vertu entered into a partnership with a renowned Hong Kong jeweller, King Fook  Jewellery. The introduction of these new speciality stores has made the Vertu range of phones more accessible to its exclusive client base in Hong Kong. As a direct result of this new partnership, Vertu’s Signature Collection is now available in a range of precious metals, such as gold and platinum. To date the company has entered into a number of joint ventures such as Vertu and Goldsmiths located at Harrods in London, Trafford Centre in Manchester, and Bluewater, Kent. This partnership was established to gain greater market share in the UK marketplace. Vertu phones are also available to purchase through their website. With the aid of this distribution channel, customers can now personalise their mobile phone to their own individual tastes Conclusion In order to retain product exclusivity it is clear that you need to provide an excellent product and exceptional service experience, as this creates an emotional attachment between the customer and the brand. Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu have made this experience possible through their distinct products and services, their prestigious pricing (thus indicating their superb quality), their exclusive retail environment and their selective channels of distribution. Maintaining that fashion status and aura of exclusivity is of primary concern to these exclusive luxury brands. For example, the fashion brand Burberry has now become synonymous with the infamous â€Å"chav† subculture in Britain. This once fashion icon brand of the country elite has now be adopted as the brand of choice for thousands of working class Britons, devaluing the brand amongst the fashion elite. The emergence of the so-called â€Å"chav† subculture has garnered the Burberry brand unwanted press coverage. The Ben Sherman brand also fought hard to overcome its association with ‘yob’ culture; similarly Doc Martins were associated with skinheads. By extending their brands to items such as baseball caps, perfumes etc. it can diminish the exclusiveness of a label, sacrificing the brand equity for increased revenue. It is evident that Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu use different promotional  strategies. For instance, Gucci incorporates controversial issues into their marketing strategy to promote brand imagery, Louis Vuitton utilises celebrity endorsements, whereas Vertu concentrates on the benefits and quality of product features. However, all brands are consistent when it comes to retail environment and channels of distribution. The store design and layout plays a crucial role in creating an image of exclusivity to appeal to the high-end market. It is essential to have alignment of the prospective target market expectations of a store offering and the identity that the brand wants to communicate. Companies targeting the high-end market must create the illusion of exclusivity, while generating a seductive atmosphere, appealing to the senses. Once blended together, these elements will help form a pleasurable and distinctive experience that will differentiate your product line from that of your competitors. Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Vertu use exclusive channels of distribution to ensure greater control. This control enables them to exercise greater flexibility on their product ranges and the ability to adjust to the changing market efficiently. This adds to the image of exclusivity and quality of the products. Therefore it can be concluded that in order for a product to develop and retain its exclusivity, marketers must create an overall experience that appeals to and attracts the high-end market.

The term Civilization Essay Example for Free

The term Civilization Essay Civilizations are complex societies with cities, government, art, architecture, religion, class divisions and writing systems. To uphold an effective civilization, cultural diffusion, farming and writing with a spoken language are essential. Cultural diffusion is a key element to maintaining a complex civilization. When people from different civilizations came into contact with one another, they learned from one another. They would learn how other people from different societies did things and all their different and new inventions. They would bring this new understanding back to their cities and villages, which usually brought them back security and prosperity for the future. The transition from hunting and gathering to farming was a huge factor in a well-held civilization. This change was known as the Neolithic Age. Farming at this time gave people an appointed community and an abundance of food. Farmers were able to gather into a heap more occupations than their hunter and gatherer ancestors. This is because they stayed in one place and didn’t have to go and search for a food source. Farmers had to develop new tools to farm effectively. They had to keep track of their crops and also protect them. Mesopotamians commerced and operated in large cities and towns. They depended on irrigation farming and trade was a big way with archaeology. The rule for the Mesopotamians was patriarchy. Women usually ruled over men in this ancient society. Hebrews played a small role in trade between the Nile and the Mediterranean. Their economy was pastoral. Ancient civilizations helped discover a lot of what the world is today. Cultural diffusion, the transition from hunting and gathering to farming and ancient society made a huge impact from ancient civilizations to today’s society.

Human Rights in the Workplace

Human Rights in the Workplace Konark Nanda The legal environment is critical to Canadian labour relations. Employment standards legislation mandates the minimum terms of employment such as minimum vacations, holidays and wages. These provide a floor for the negotiation of collective agreements. Any contract terms relating to issues covered by employment standards legislation must provide at least the minimum rights provided in the legislation. Human rights legislation prohibits discrimination and harassment and imposes a duty to accommodate. All jurisdictions have their own human rights legislation. This legislation and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are the basis for the law relating to discrimination in each jurisdiction. Human rights legislation in each jurisdiction in Canada sets out prohibited grounds of discrimination. There are several prohibited grounds that apply to all jurisdictions in Canada, certain protections are not assured in every part of Canada. Discrimination based on age, marital status, physical or mental disability, and sexual orientation are found in federal and human rights laws throughout Canada; demographic factors such as family status, pardoned convictions, and gender identity do not fall within protected ground in several federal or provincial human rights code. Human rights are important in the relationships that exist between individuals and the government that has power over them. The government exercises power over its people. However, human rights mean that this power is limited. Provinces must look after the basic needs of the people and protect some of their freedoms. Ontarios Human Rights Code, the first in Canada, was enacted in 1962. The Code states that every person has a right to equal treatment with respect to employment without discrimination or harassment because of race, ancestry, place of origin, color, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, record of offences, marital status, family status or disability (Rights Commission, 2016). Discrimination happens in several ways. It can be direct, indirect, or systemic. Discrimination can also be things like reprisal, a poisoned environment, harassment, or racial profiling. Direct discrimination means discriminating against someone because you think they are different from you. It includes practices or behaviors that have a negative effect of a person or a group of people who belong to a ground listed under the Code. It doesnt matter that you didnt intend to treat them differently. What matters is whether your actions or what you said results in discrimination. Constructive discrimination refers to a neutral rule that has an adverse impact on an individual because of prohibited grounds of discrimination; it may be unintentional. Systemic discrimination may be part of a system, like how decisions are made, and the practices and policies, or the culture of the organization. For example, the head of the company likes golf, and only wants to promote managers who play golf. In human rights legislation, there is a duty to accommodate that requires measure to be adopted preventing people from being adversely affected by workplace requirements based on a prohibited ground of discrimination. Government Objectives in Labour Relations Government plays an important role in the regulation of labour relations process. Government has made bodies to oversee key processes such as union organizing, contract negotiations and the administration of the collective agreement. Government regulates the labour relations outcomes by overlooking agreements, strikes, and lockout. Government has to intervene in labour relations as they could affect the economy by causing inflationary pressure. To protect public interest and limit disruption of the public, governments can seek to avoid strikes and lockouts through labour legislation that places restriction on strikes and lockouts, assistance during negotiating in the form of conciliation and mediation and back to work legislation. Government regulates economy, control inflation and unemployment through monetary and fiscal policies. Government regulates market practices and results with minimum terms of employment and human rights legislations. Role of Unions in Labour Relations Unions are key actors in the labour relations system. The main objectives of unions are to improve the terms and conditions of work, protect arbitrary management action, providing conflict resolution and employee input and pursuing social and economic change. Unions try to achieve these objectives by organizing employees, contract negotiations, strikes and boycotts, grievances and arbitration, court / legal actions, political activities, union management collaborations and other unilateral actions. Role of Management In the private sector management has two main core objectives: the maximization of profit and maintaining control over the business. In the public and nonprofit sectors, employers seek to balance operating budgets, comply with government policy initiatives and meet the demands for the public services at reasonable costs. The management must achieve its objectives while taking care of its employees and not discriminating against them. The management has a duty to accommodate its employees till the time it does not cause them undue hardship. Possible measure to accommodate are allowing a period of absence from work, reduced hours, transfer to an alternate job, training to facilitate a move to another job. Certification Process in Ontario When the union applies to the board, the union must establish that it is a trade union as defined in the labour relations legislation, the application is timely, the group of employees specified in the application is an appropriate bargaining unit and the union has adequate support of employees in the proposed unit. In the beginning of the certification process Ontario government makes the union send out a notification of application to both the employer and any current union(s). Certification package is send out by union that is described in Ontario Labour Relations boards (OLRB) and this information is also available to other parties to prepare their responses to the application. Then the union makes its application to the ORLB, along with membership evidence gather in the organizing campaign that it considers appropriate for a collective bargaining unit. All the parties are then contacted by OLRB to ensure that the notification has occurred, the employer post a notice to the employees in the work place informing them that a vote will be held. All the unions and the employers representing the effected employees give feedback to the OLRB within two days of the application being filed. The information normally includes the actual number of employees in the bargaining unit proposed by the union and any alternating bargaining unit proposed, while listing this information employers must decide if its challenging the union application under section 8.1 of Ontario labor relation act 1995. Based on the information provided by the union, OLRB decides to sanction it if it appears the union has the support of at least 40% of the employees in the bargaining unit which is being proposed and if thats the case then a secret ballot vote is held in the work place within five days of filling the application, board has the power to change the time line if necessary. The voters whose eligibility to vote is in doubt and then they later become eligible, then their names are written on the envelope and dropped in ballot box. The OLRB holds a secret ballot vote. Anyone who is in the bargaining unit in the union that has applied for the certification can vote. If the majority (50% + 1) of workers who caste vote to unionize, the union is certified. On the off chance that the assentation cant be achieved, a hearing before the OLRB will be planned for four weeks after the vote. Its possible that the vote wont be numbered until after the board issues its choice. On the off chance that more than 50 percent of the votes are supportive of the union, the OLRB will grant certification. References Publishing, P. Why are Human Rights Important? Retrieved from http://www.pearsonpublishing.co.uk/education/samples/S_497198.pdf Rights Commission, O. H. (2016). Employment. Retrieved from http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/social_areas/employment Suffield, L., Gannon, G. L. (n.d.). Labour relations

Steel Plant EAF Electrical System :: essays research papers

The modern steel plant receives low current, high voltage power from the generators of the electrical utility company. The purpose of the steel plant primary transformer is to step-down this voltage. The transformer thus provides high current, low voltage power for the EAF furnace. Large furnaces with transformers rated at 100MVA or higher is not uncommon. There are usually two stages to this process. The transformer first steps-down the voltage from high to medium levels. There are different standards for a â€Å"medium-level voltage† in different countries; usually between 30 to 33 kV for Europe and Japan, but for the USA it is usually 34.5 kV. Finally, a heavy duty furnace transformer powers the EAF. This special furnace transformer is designed to allow the electric arc to operate within the desired current and voltage range. To safeguard the EAF electrical system from the primary power supply are two types of switches: a vacuum switch and a motorized disconnect switch. These two switches are designed to isolate the EAF electrical system from the primary transformer in case of an emergency. Other electrical systems around the EAF are the delta closure, the power cables, the current conduction arm, and the electrode holders. The power cables provide a connection between the delta closure and the current conducting arm. It is usually made of copper wires, with a rubber water jacket around the outside for water-cooling the cables. The power cable is connected with the current conducting arm, usually made of copper clad steel or aluminum alloys. This system weighs a lot less than the old bus-bar design that a lot of the older furnaces used. The current conducting arm conducts current directly from the power cable to the electrode holders. The electrode holders must withstand thermal cycling (not so much for our furnace, since our furnace should have a continuous feed) and severe mechanical loading and wear due to vibrations, torsion forces and such.

Puritians and How they Related to The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Historic Essay Many people only have ideas as to what the puritans were really like. Most people think they were just an overly serious, narrow minded group of people. In some cases this is true, but over all they weren’t. Nathaniel Hawthorne proves this point in his novel â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. His characters are dynamic, in the sense that they all share a common and even persecuting faith yet still find time to be individuals with out letting go of that faith. The puritans were a group composed largely of yeomen farmers, artisans, country gentlemen and city merchants. There was no class-struggle in their minds; their common bond was religion. There ideas a bout religion weren’t wrong, they were just medieval. The central core of Catholic thought in the middle ages was that man was created for the glory of God, and that the unique duty and purpose of man was to serve Him and to do His will. This is just what the puritans thought about life. Most people think that the puritans only had their faith to keep them busy, but this isn’t true. They felt that idleness was a cardinal sin. This concept is modern, it is the very fabric of American life. We as Americans are always busy, most of us barely sit to have a meal. â€Å"We resolve to approve ourselves to the Lord in our particular calling† reads the Salem covenant â€Å"shunning idleness as the bane of every state.† Some people even believe that puritans caused proh ibition. This is completely fabricated because hard liquor was consumed by the men and â€Å"small beer† and â€Å"hard†cider by a large portion of the populace, including children(the fermentation process acted as a prophylactic against some of the diseases borne by poor well-water quality). Of course drunkenness was forbidden and punished. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the people of the community’s true characters reveal themselves when in chapter 11 page 99, Reverend Dimmesdale confess’s that he is a sinner like them. They react by saying â€Å"The Saint on earth! Alas, if he discern such sinfulness in his own white soul, what horrid spectacle in thine on mine!† In simpler terms, they think that if Dimmesdale thinks himself a sinner than they must be like Satan himself because of all their sins. These thoughts reveal the peoples true characters because it is obvious that the only reason they are so serious and strict with their religion is because they think they won’t be able to go to heaven unless they behave that way.

Personal Narrative About Me :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative

Me I am sentimental, out-going, indecisive, understanding, curious, naive, lazy, and young. I want to be ... , well a lot of things, and growing is discovering what they are. I feel people cannot see the potential within, although there is no one to blame but myself. I look to others for approval instead of to myself. I aim to please; it leads to approval. I don’t like to discuss my faults; I pity myself. I am weak in some respects, but in others I am strong. My life is a balance of ups and downs. With my extremes however, my scales never fulfill the word "balance." The ups and downs equal a median on which I travel daily. I love those who understand me, who chose to come close to the fire, who stay long enough to love its warmth, and who know how to avoid being burned. I don’t trust people easily. I don’t throw around my heart. I’ve lost love from my lack of giving. I regret this. I grab hold of things, always seeking support, a rock on which to lean. I have tried God, boyfriends, and small successes in school and sports, feeling the title FAILURE rise upon my forehead when I slipped. Afterwards I tried even harder to bring myself back up, my recovery taken on the quickest, most unstable route. This explains how I fell so easily. The self-esteem I had needed to be constantly replenished and refilled. My source was not myself, but others, whose opinions mattered more than my own. I am passionate and at times fearless. I am everything, and I am nothing. I am ever-changing and unpredictable. I crave security but cry for independence. I am black or white, never gray. My actions may not reflect my feelings and vice-versa. I play the submissive female one minute and the aggressive female the next. Every year I learn more about myself. The person inside no longer takes peeks at the world outside, but screams "Look at me, see what I’ve become, watch because I am coming!" I’ve been through difficult times, but the odds are starting to lean my way; I feel ready for any challenge that may arise.

Organizational behaviour Essay

An organization is a group of people who work independently towards a common goal. Organization achieves their goals by creating, communicating, and operating the system existing in every organization. To better organize and manage the organization, manager needs to understand the element of the social system, role and role conflict, as well as the culture of the organization. In this assignment, we were asked to study a case regarding the role conflict and culture that were faced by Amir as a management trainee at a well-established organisation which at the same time, he is a husband and a father of two children. Based on the study case, we found out that Amir is facing with inter-role conflict, personal-role conflict, role overloads and role ambiguity. All these role conflicts must be solved professionally as it can affect Amir’s work performance and the perception of the organizational members towards him. In order to resolve these problems, Amir has to study the changes t hat happen in the culture of the organization as he needs to adapt with the new environment. There are two types of cultural changes in organization, that are the cultural revolution and the cultural evolution. In Amir’s case, he is confronted with the cultural revolution. Thus, he needs to know the process of creating back the organizational culture so that he can create a good culture. Look more:  starbucks moorhead essay OBJECTIVE 1. To define organization culture. 2. To describe the factors shaping the organizational culture. 3. To know role and define role conflict in the study case. 4. To know how to resolve the role conflict in organizational. DISCUSSION Question 1 Do you think that Amir is facing the problem of role conflict? If yes, identify the kind of role conflict Amir is facing. Role is when someone understands the relative importance of those tasks, in other words, they know the priorities of their various responsibilities, while role conflict is a situation in which an individual encounters  deviating role expectations. In my opinion, yes, Amir is facing the problem of role conflict that consists of inter-role conflict, person role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity. Below is the explanation about these role conflicts in this case. I. Inter-role conflict Inter-role conflicts occur when an individual occupies more than one role with inconsistent expectations. In other words, certain role with expected of a person are in conflict with the other roles that the person holds. For example, Aminah has a class-mate that wants to lodge at their room for one day but the room-mate disagree because they have their own rule which is not outsiders are allowed to stay in the room. In this situation, Aminah has to faces the conflict on which role should be performed whether as a class-mate or a room-mate. In Amir’s case, Amir as a husband does not know how to manage time between the family and the company. Amir was required to do all kinds of work until he has become a workaholic. In the same time, Amir was not able to give sufficient time to his family as he devoted most of his time working even on Sundays. II. Person-role conflict Person-role conflicts may define when a role holder is required to perform a role that contradicts or violates the role holder’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. As an example, when a staff expected to punch card for his friend, indirectly it may contradicts the staff attitude and beliefs where by a staff in the company should not to punch card for the other staff except themselves. Throughout Amir’s case, Amir has to assign with various other roles and was required to coordinate and communicate with diverse groups of the workforce.  However, the team members do not want to give full cooperation in fulfilling the tasks. Indirectly, was scolded by the boss for errors committed by other team members. III. Role overload Role overload occurs when there is a lack of balance or reasonableness in the number or the extent of expectations from a role holder. It also happens when the expectations sent to a role holder are unmanageable and there is not enough time for the role holder to perform all the roles expected of him or her. For example, where a student is expected to study while at the same time expected to do part time job. As a student, they must expect to perform some other roles even though it is impossible to be done in the same time. In this case, it’s similar with Amir which is he was required to do all kinds of managerial task from conducting office correspondence and conducting business meetings to solving the complaints of customers and subordinates. As time passed, Amir became more efficient and performed various roles in increasing effective manner. IV. Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity occurs when there is lack of clarity in understanding what expectations or prescriptions exist for any given role. A role holder lacks sufficient information in performing the role. This results in the role holder feeling unsure on how to act in his or her role. As an example, a new student in second intake was entered in the university and they did not receive complete information regarding the subject or any related activities. Indirectly, the student’s do not sure how to act in his or her role. In this case, the first few months on job Amir have to faced on stress which  is he was entrusted with limited tasks related to his area of expertise as a management. It is because the organization did not explained to him regarding his role as a management trainee. Question 2 What could be done to resolve his problem? For every problem, there will be solutions and ways to overcome. Amir who deals with many types of role conflicts can handle the problems well if he knows how to deal with it. I. Inter-role conflict In solving Amir’s dilemmas of role conflict as a worker and as a head of family members, the best way in dealing with these problems is he must know how to manage his time well. He also needs to understand and distinguish his responsibilities in holding both roles. Amir should avoid working on weekends as that is the only time to have a good time with the family members. This is to make sure that at the same time of being a dedicated worker to the organization, he can spend his quality time with his family members as well. II. Person-role conflict As a former Management Executive, for sure Amir will expect the task of management trainee would involves his area of expertise that is, management. However, different roles were assigned to him. In solving this matter, Amir should confront with his superior and ask for a good explanation regarding his exact tasks that he needs to fulfill. He also should stand for his right if he was scolded for errors not committed by him. In my opinion, even though the tasks given are not in his area, Amir can take the tasks as a new thing to learn. III. Role overload As a worker, the tasks given by the superior is a must to do but, if Amir thinks there is a lot of work to be done in a time, he should suggests his superior an assistant if possible. Amir should not be stressful with the multi tasks given in order to maintain a good quality of work. If the superior could not fulfill his suggestion, maybe Amir could ask for higher pay. Even though money could not promise happiness and could not replace the time that he can be with his family, at least he would feel satisfied and appreciated for the job he done. IV. Role Ambiguity The transfer of information between the sender and the receiver is very important in an organization. Improper communication of information definitely will result misunderstanding between both parties. In solving Amir’s role ambiguity as he was not explained the role as a management trainee, what he should do is get a clear information on his role from his superior. Even though he has a strict taskmaster, he must be brave enough to ask and get the exact information from him. Or else, he should get the right information either from the seniors or other colleagues. Question 3 Comment on the culture of the organization that Amir work in.  Prior to comment further on the culture of the organization that Amir work in, it is necessary to explain briefly on what is the Organizational Culture. Organization are more than a workplace, they are place where people spend most of their time. Thus, the culture of the organization is important for employees to stay and work happily. Organization Culture according to Robbins and Judge is a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organization. Organization Culture is a set of assumption, beliefs, values, and norms shared by everyone in an organization. Organization Culture change in two ways, Cultural Revolution and Cultural Evolution. There are two main type of organization culture, and it is called dominant cultures and subcultures. It is appropriate to categories that the type of  culture that Amir works in is subcultures. Subcultures develop to reflect common problems, situations or consequences that are faced by members in a department. However, it is also includes the core values of the organization. Correspondence to Amir situation that can be seen from the case study article, it is said that his role as management trainee is not properly explain, and when he is assigned with various roles that required him to communicate to a different group of workforce, problem started to occurs and these problem starting to put pressure on Amir. A cooperation that is essential in completing a task was not given to him by other members, instead they act rudely to him. And if there is an error made by other members Amir was the person who will be scolded by his boss. We can see here that it is logical to categories that Amir working in a subcultures environment because Amir is facing a problem in his work, and he is the one who received the consequences of others mistakes, and it is clearly that the core values of the organization isn’t quite harmony because of the values and ethics that is being practice by other members in the organization.. Differ with dominant culture, dominant culture are the core values that are shared by everyone in an organization, which can be understand that everyone have a same work ethics that allow them to complete their work efficiently. Cultural change is influence or is shape by several factors, firstly is characteristic of people within the organization, the values, beliefs, and attitudes that is bring by the people inside are shared with each other. If most of them have good values it will influences other to do so and vice versa. Secondly, cultural change is being shape by the nature of employment relationship. This factor comes from human resources policies that is enforced in an organization, for example trying bonuses with performance levels. Employees may take these policies as motivating factors to work harder. Third factors is design of organizational structure, defines as primary reporting relationship that exists within an organization where a division of work can be seen clearly. Lastly, cultural change can be shape by the organizational ethics, it is a moral values, rules and principles outlined to employees on how they should act and behave when it comes to dealing with each other and also with people outside the organization. A suggestion could be shared here, as a top management in an organization, Amir’s boss should be a role-model to his subordinates, he should create an efficient organizational culture in order for them to achieve successfulness. In order to create a prosper organizational culture, Amir’s boss can follow the following steps. First step is formulae a strategic values, which is a basics beliefs about an organization’s environment. Secondly is, develop cultural values, which the values that the employees need to have and act upon in carrying out its strategic values. Third step is, create vision, vision is a picture of what the organization is going to be in the future. Fourth step is, initiate implementation strategies, which is develop action strategies to accomplish its vision. And last step which is the step five is, reinforce cultural behaviors, reinforcement may take various form such as reward system that acknowledged desired behaviors. CONCLUSION Organizational behaviour is concerned with people’s thoughts, feelings, emotions and actions in setting up work. Understanding individual behaviour is in itself a challenge but understanding group behaviour in an organization environment is a monumental managerial task. Role conflict is a situation in which an individual encounters divergent role expectations. This occurs due to different perception and expectations of a person’s role. As we work together in an organization, we should treat people in the organization as a family. In this way, it is easier for us to communicate and interact with each other. The organization itself needs to plant this input in the minds of the workers so that the people that work in the roof of the firm will work happily without any conflicts. REFERENCE 1. Organizational behaviour oxford Sarah Sabir Ahmad 2. Kamus Dwibahasa Oxford Fajar Joyce M. Hawkins

The real ‘cost’ of tourism is its impact on tourist recipient sites and regions

The real cost of tourerry is its relate on tourer recipient sites and regions. utilize quantitative info, measure the cost and derives of phaetonry on a site or finale of your choice, evaluating that cost in stinting, genial and environsal legal injury. Give examples and describe from your aver knowledge phaeton sites that c alone for remunerative a price in amicable and cultural disruption, or in environmental pollution. In the light of your findings, address the incertitudefulness of whether touring carry is an appropriate jibe for guinea pig surfacegrowth. touristry has become superstar of the discover industries in affecting the say of the cosmos frugality, and is existence adopted by m whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) struggling countries as a slam for theme knowledge. By studying the cost and benefits of touristry on relate countries, it is operable to discerp its success as a scheme of instruction. As touristry is a relatively new attent ion and is exploitation so fast, the literature on the sheath is continually expanding as much(prenominal) than studies ar carried step to the fore.The aim for this piece of work in that locationfore, is to analyse the real cost of touristry on Jamaica. Studies into the argona and the plain exit be examined, exceptionalcting the costs and the benefits in economic, cordial and environmental name. The selective information impart then be analysed in a sui tabular array route and comp atomic number 18d to substitute(a) methods so as to determine if touristry is an appropriate agent for national development in Jamaica.It is really important to work a fewer translations before continue with the es produce, so that the level offtual aim empennage be measured. Firstly, what we understand by the devise touristry. Basically, it means a temporary and in persisted movement of tidy sum to a destination of their choice for the fundamental purpose of pleasure. The while female genitals range from a few days to a whole year. Facts in 2000 showed that at that place were 700 million travellers per year, 62% of which was merely for leisure. Its importance for national economies is illustrated by the detail that for 83% of countries tourism is one(a) of the quintet top export categories and the main one for 38% of them. 11Finally, a to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) in depth con aspectration is required to determine the, most slippery thought of all, (Lea, 1988) that is the nonion of development. The focus of this work is, whether tourism is an appropriate beast for national development, therefrom it is inbred to define development in topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaestheticise to establish whether the pastoral is prospered in achieving this developed state that it is var. for. Since the term development contains within it promoters to a fond, organisational and economic ex cardinalt, it is impossible for one book of account to define absolutely the developmental see of a res publica.The conceptual meaning of development has been re-defined for over a centimeury and there is still no clear definition to it. It has r distributivelyed from be much environmental opinionated in the nineteenth century, to the theories of modernisation which were considered much important in the mid-twentieth century. The stem lavatory this was that the basis of development was to catch up with and copy the Western world.Karl Marx was a German philosopher and about of his theories consume wrought the idea of development. He felt there was a strain in all societies beca drug ab character the social organization never kept pace with the development of the means of production. The thought was that as result of the cr induceworkist system, there was a concentration and centralisation of capital and wherefore an un tear d consume development in the world. These ideas shaped the views on development during the 1960s. However, Andre Gunder Frank expand this in his Theory of Third macrocosm Dep removeency. He felt that under-developed countries would single progress if they disconnected from the global rescue and chased their own national strategies of import-substitution.Advancement act in the 1970s, with the previous theories being, refined, revised and in many miscues rejected, (Corbridge, 1991). The bena Development overcompensate (1991) defines development as, a sustainable growing in living standards that encompass real consumption, education, health and environmental protection. (p. 31). As you mountain see, it is currently being considered in a some(prenominal) broader sense. Other aspects in any episode tend to be involved, such as, more equation of opportunity, political freedom and civilized liberties. The general close of development is therefore to emergence the economic, political and civil rights of all concourse across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions and countries. (cosmos Development Report, 1991, p.31)In short, the more recent definitions beat less(prenominal) of a focus and encompass a wider range of social and environmental criteria, as well as economic. As a result, in do to determine whether Jamaica is progressing we lead assume they strive to develop stintingly, socially and environmentally. So an ideal next bar is to seem at the encroachments of tourism in those three terms.However, before that is done it is essential to create a better sympathy of Jamaica itself as a country and as a tourist destination. Jamaica is an is kingdom, located in the northern Caribbean, approximately 145km south of Cuba and 160km western of Haiti, with a population of about 2.7 million deal with Kingston as the capital and capaciousst city. Most visitors head for the north coast, where the lift out b all(prenominal)es and hotels go off be implant. This is where the busy, lively resorts argon, and the travel ports of Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. There is also the tranquil, and much less touristy, Port Antonio, set amid some of the is inflicts loveliest scenery and beaches. However, to find the most immobilise beach you must head west to Negrill for one of the most relaxed resorts.The south on the former(a) hand has a genuinely different atmosphere and is scarcely moved(p) by tourism as yet. The eastward is where the capital Kingston is found, a sprawling, reedy and dusty city with an impressive accommodate set against a choke offdrop of mountains. The Jamai deals themselves, on the whole, atomic number 18 real lofty of their island and so a great deal service of process to make tourists make happy it too.Are they right to be proud? We now look at how the Jamai idler environment is modify by tourism both positively and cast outly. Balancing Jamaicas ecology and tourism is a precarious dancing to an insistent reggae beat. Tourism generates even more orthogonal ex q ualify for the country than the bauxite industry, creating gambols and a chance for a brighter future. But with tourism comes development, bring twinges to local anesthetic anaesthetic people and their environment. (Wilson 1999)2 A great recite for illustrating the ii sides that comes with tourism. The pressure on the environment and people raise become a precise tumescent problem. Reports have indicated that the natural resource bases that patronage the islands tourism share is heavily upset around the three main tourist centers.The reports identify the sideline principal sources of environmental degradation(a) inadequate sewage intervention and disposal facilities is causing deteriorating wet lineament and reef aggrieve(b) storm water supply discharge is transporting silt and pollutant into coastal wet(c) shore line twist, dredging and reef injure have cause beach eroding(d) dis timberlandation imputable to inland agriculture and tint cutting is aggravating flood damage and siltation and(e) coastal development is contri onlying to the demolition of the wetlands, important as fish nurseries and wildlife home ground and as buffers against water pollution and coastal erosion.This distinctly demonstrates the wide facing pages wedges of tourism. The increasing bit of tourists, with extremely mellow consumption habits, places a disproportionate strain on the local basis. This explains wherefore countrys struggle with the additiond use up which potful a great deal be seasonal worker and so suddenly hit them during the pass effects. Studies indicate that the intermediate tourist ingests ten times as much water and produces three times as much solid waste as the just resident.3 Yet another big factor in the gradual deterioration of the environment.Although tourism does create jobs and opportunities for locals, which we will look at in more detail later, there is not enough housing for them all. This leads to squat settlements overlooking in basic floor and frequently situated in environmentally vulnerable locations, which again potently reflects a negative side of the ecology.Continuing with the homogeneous theme, the steady increment in hotel construction has led to the destruction of the Dune bulwark along the sea shore. Several geezerhood ago Jamaicas beaches were lined by dunes of gritrock covered with vegetation. With this barrier no agelong there, due to the increased stress of tourism, erosion of beaches has been largely accelerated.Environmental statistics sufferd by the statistical Institute of Jamaica can provide us with a cle arr understanding of the environmental feigns of tourism. Figures on land use in 1989 and 1998 can be misleading and also enkindle that less land is being use more recently. This depends on how you look at the results and there can be a number of undercoats to explain this. Data on the use of built up land indicates that 8km more land was use in 1989. If tou rism is having a large restore on the environment you would expect more to being used in 1998. However, this contravention whitethorn be due to a lot of previously useful land being turned into wasteland as a result of tourists, and so it cant even be built on. In congest of this, the figures for land use for buildings are bigger in 1998 provided by retributive 4km.The stats on petroleum consumption do indicate that there is an increase in tourism and therefore consumption of materials. It shows that from 1991 to 1999 the average annual growth is 3.3%. With more and more petrol being used it is reliable to assume that it is having a negative impact on the environment.The imports of ozone depleting substances from 1995-1999, are also very interesting and show a very square increase(Source Statin, External handicraft NRCA)Although the facts are not necessarily contributed to tourism, it is good to say that it has a large say in this dramatic increase. Especially with CFCs as these are found in volume-detonation bomb cans etc. and the increase in tourists could be a large factor due to their consumption of such products. to a fault, Methyl banality is used to control crops so the lack of increase here could be because more plants are being destroyed.Another side to the ecology not yet looked at is the potential decline in biodiversity. This involves the plants and animals that hold up Jamaica. A 20-year study by scientists showed that habitat destruction and introduction on non-native species have caused approximately 12.5 percent of the worlds plants to now be so rare, they could easily disappear.4 Jamaica is faced with threats to its plant as well as fauna, where the office of threatened plants reaches 20 to 40. In crop to be considered as threatened, a species must have reached the point at which there were fewer than 10,000 individuals worldwide, or fewer than 100 locations where it could be found. Jamaica is also attributed with highest local deforestation speed, a fact that would contravene the statistics seen earlier.5 However, as previously mentioned those stats are perplexing as they say forest use but not what its used for. It could be used as a forest or, in a completely turnaround way, to build on.So is the environmental impact of tourism on Jamaica all noisome? Not really. The extra finance brought in by tourists, which will be seen in more detail in the economical part later, can be used to help preserve and restore local attractions. Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people in to closer contact with temper and the environment.Also if a country, like Jamaica finds that a authorized site is found particularly good-natured by tourists then it will be in there interest to gibe its beauty is preserved in order to maximise profit from it.Although the preceding(prenominal) named prefers are possi ble for Jamaica, unfortunately it is not endlessly looked on by the government in this way. There were very few examples found where Jamaica was looking to monumentally improve their environment as a result of tourism. scorn the fact that the surroundings are clearly being destroyed the emphasis, as I think will come out even more lately, is that Jamaica are involuntary to sacrifice the environment in an flak to maximise their income. But is this an appropriate strategy? Do the advantages significantly outweigh the disadvantages?In an attempt to answer those heads it is essential to look at what tourism brings to the preservation.The Jamaican gross domestic product was measured at about J$5,034 million during 2002, and stats on visitor cincture indicate a gist cost of J$1,000 million through tourism. This give notices that the tourism industry accounted for about 20% of Jamaicas gross domestic product in 2002. This is a significant increase from 10 years previous when t ourism accounted for just 13.3%,6 but it is still retrieve after the impact of the kins menage 11th, 2001 happenings in USA. Before the events in USA, tourism was passing influential in the success of the Jamaican economy but it suffered a abate as people became more concerned about travelling. It is only now that the industry is starting to re-develop, and it is again be orgasm one of the most influential industries amongst insurance operate and the manufacturing business.Tourism is clearly a colossal industry with immense potential for any country to use as a tool for national development, particularly economic development. Unfortunately, the richer countries seem more able to benefit than the poorer ones, which can lead to a large gap building between them.Although the following figures are slightly dated they help indicate the state of the Jamaican economy and we can infer its current state from these after knowing it has since grown after the large blip due to September 11th. Jamaica ranks twelfth in the Americas region in tourist arrivals and ninth in terms of tourism receipts. With 18,500 rooms at the end of 1992, it ranked second after the Dominican Republic, among the 32 small island nations that comprise the Caribbean, in terms of the size of the accommodation industry.7The Jamaican Tourist Board (JTB) statistics show that in 1992 there were a total of 909,010 stop consonant visitors, 649,517 canvass passengers and 148,173 non-resident Jamaicans who visited the island. Of more recent figures on which to compare these too, in 2002 there were 865,419 travel passengers and 87,283 non-resident Jamaican visits. So in 10 years a quite substantial increase in cruise passengers but a drop in kernel of non-resident Jamaicans. Cruises are directly linked to tourism and are a good extension of whether or not it is increasing in terms of more notes coming in. Also, in 1992 the total average fagged by a cruise passenger was US$52.8 So assuming th at has not changed Jamaica is apparently bringing in an extra US$11,226,904 then it was 10 years ago. Obviously, that is a very simplistic way of looking at it and there are many other costs involved, up to now it helps provide an indication.A hike up indication of the sort of tax generated through tourism is demonstrated in the following tableDirect Government Revenues From Tourism sphere 1992 (in J$ Millions)SourceValueGCT690.5 airport tax tax revenue211.6Cruise Passenger Tax119.4Commodity Taxes245.5Indirect Taxes90.0PAYE432.1 integrality Direct Revenues1789.1(Source Jamaican Tourist Board) constitutional direct revenue of 1,789,100 is a moderately significant figure especially for 1992 when we eat into account this market has grown since. This is only considering the direct government revenues and suggests that tourism provides a very healthy profit for the country. Therefore, could potentially be a good tool for national development.In terms of tourism providing employmen t the figures in 1992 show that a total of 71,710 persons were employed by the Jamaican Tourism Industry, which sumed to about 8% of the total employed labour force. Tourists are constantly interested in souvenirs this again provides jobs for locals and funds for the community. However, the souvenirs have to be made out of something and can possibly cause a strain on materials within the environment.The findings so far on economic impacts of tourism indicate that it could be a very profitable industry for a country like Jamaica. However, we have already seen the vast amounts of negative impacts tourism can have on the environment. Can it too have negative impacts economically?Unfortunately for Jamaica and other terzetto world countries the answer is yes. Leakages can have a very significant impact on the amount of money the recipient sites actually receive and can often be the reason why the third world countries are not as well off as they should be. The direct income for an ar ea is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid extracurricular the area and after imports are purchased these subtracted amounts are called relief valves. In most all-inclusive piece of land tours, about 80% of travellers expenditure goes to the airlines, hotels and other international companies and not to local businesses or workers.9Leakages can occur in two main ways import leakage and export leakage. An import leakage occurs when tourists bespeak a standard of products and services beyond which the host country can supply. Therefore, the country must import the product and so money leaves the host country to constitute for such items. An export leakage occurs when large companies from more developed countries control hotels and tourist sites in Jamaica, for example, and bring the profits back to them. These larger companies have the finance, unlike local businesses, and can therefore dictate foreign sites. In Fiji, for example, the leakage is more like a haemorrhage-with only 45 per cent of the tourist revenue actually staying in the country. (Stalker 1998) This quote goes along way to summing up the extent to which these leakages contribute to the downfall of third world countries.Enclave tourism is another reason why countries like Jamaica do not receive the revenue they appear they should. When tourists go on all-inclusive holidays they may often stay in one place, e.g. a hotel or cruise transfer, which can provide them with all they need. If so, the local shops and restaurants do not benefit from them as they do not come in contact with them. It could be said the tourists are getting and not giving in terms of they are admiring the beautiful weather and scenery without putting money back in to the local economy.Surveys show that such all-inclusive deals can have a very negative resultant on the economy for a number of reasons. As they are often owned by companies in more developed countries , less money goes into local businesses. It has been found such deals generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors. It is also reason out that all-inclusives imported more, and employed fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. 10So again, further indication of a lose-lose situation for Jamaica, as there materials are being used with minimal in the way of revenue coming back in.It was mentioned earlier that tourism can help to provide job opportunities for locals. However, Gray (1974) sees tourisms use of a large proportion of unskilled labour as only a temporary level in the development of the industry-as tourism grows, it may become more reliant on higher skilled labour, which will inherently mean training those available, or more commonly importing them from elsewhere. If the latter is the case then unemployment within the country will increase, so more people will be clai ming benefits, which has a detrimental effect on the economy. In addition, the seasonal nature of tourist employment demands adequate earning and budgeting to verify survival through low season.Myrdals homunculus of Circular and Cumulative Causation (1957)11 explains economic development within a country as a natural process. He states that as an industry develops it experiences multiplier effect of improved linkages, communications, infrastructure and services, causing the growing zone to prosper. He also mentions the wash disadvantage of the negative impact on the environment. In terms of Jamaica, it may be that as a result of tourism links such as infrastructure have advanced but by chance not necessarily improved. The increase in hotels and restaurants could appear as development but as we have seen the effect on the ecology is massive.The third way to analyse the impact of tourism is in terms of social impacts. The social and cultural impacts are they way in which tourism alters behaviour, tax systems, family, relationships, lifestyles and community organizations (Mathieson & Wall, 1982).12Tourism can be potentially estimable to the tourist socially as it broadens their interests, triggering an improved understanding of the mystic and the cultures and lifestyles of others. When a country opens doors to international tourism, its traditions (however marketable) are going to be changed, if not threatened. (Harrison, 1992) This quote shows how when a country chooses tourism as a tool for national development they are confining the lives of their residents to be strongly influenced. This can be in a number of ways and traits from the Third World can be brought across. These may include crime, prostitution and gambling. A potential advantage often mentioned is the introduction of technology and more advanced thinking from the Third World. A thought one may question, as it is debatable whether the new technology is beneficial or does it just make the t ourist site more similar to our own surroundings but set in a different place.As you can see most of the findings from research into the social impacts of tourism again suggest a detrimental effect. Although, there was limited data related to just Jamaica. It is clear tourism is a massive factor in the lifestyle of residents, as it can change their work patterns and deteriorate their living surroundings.This judge has focused just on the impacts of tourism on Jamaica, but this clearly goes on throughout the world, with different destinations being affected in different ways. These can be seen by looking at a few brief examples of how other tourist sites are impacted.In winter 2000, 76,271 people entered Yellowstone National Park on snowmobiles, outnumbering the 40,727 visitors who came in cars, 10,779 in snowcoaches and 512 on skis. A gaze of snowmobile impacts on natural sounds at Yellowstone found that snowmobile noise could be perceive 70% of the time at 11 of 13 sample sites, and 90% of the time at 8 sites. At the Old Faithful geyser, snowmobiles could be heard 100% of the time during the daytime period studied. Snowmobile noise drowned out even the sound of the geyser erupting. (Source Idahonews)The Wider Caribbean Region, stretching from Florida to french Guiana, receives 63,000 port calls from ships each year, and they generate 82,000 scores of garbage. About 77% of all ship waste comes from cruise vessels. The average cruise ship carries 600 crew members and 1,400 passengers. On average, passengers on a cruise ship each account for 3.5 kilograms of garbage daily compared with the 0.8 kilograms each generated by the less well-endowed folk on shore. (Source Our Planet, UNEP magazine for environmentally sustainable development, volume 10, no. 3, 1999)Both the above findings demonstrate further the dramatic impact of tourism. So all this leaves is to address the question of whether tourism is an appropriate tool for national development?A key to ans wer this question is the definition of national development, as investigated earlier. If you consider the earliest definitions, which basically suggest that Third World Countries strive towards being similar to the Western World, then I believe that tourism is an appropriate tool for development. It is a guaranteed way of becoming more like the Western World in terms of technology and infrastructure. However, I also believe that this is not the best definition and that the latter ones are more valid.The World Development Report suggested the overall goal was to increase the economic, political and civil rights of all people across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races, regions and countries. So if this is taken as the basis when answer the question, then my answer would be different. Tourism clearly does not go along way to increasing the political and civil rights of the Jamaica residents for example. Tourism brings in thrust outrs from other countries who intrude on their live s and remove a significant amount of identification the citizens may have. The government have to make the choice of whether they are willing to sacrifice the well being of their residents and state of their environment in order to maximise the profits from the industry.Unfortunately, this is often the case as the country need their economy to be strong, and there is no doubt that tourism has massive potential of bringing in revenue. The only other thoughtfulness the government should have would be to use the money to improve industries within their own country and work on trade as an alternative. The potential revenue may not be as high but I believe it is unattackable to say that the disadvantages would be hugely less. In conclusion, of the theorists mentioned earlier I would agree with Andre Gunder Frank, as I believe if countries like Jamaica necessity to succeed they should disconnect from the global economy and pursue their own national strategies of import-substitution.